/*
  Copyright (C) 2012 Ariya Hidayat <ariya.hidayat@gmail.com>
  Copyright (C) 2012 Mathias Bynens <mathias@qiwi.be>
  Copyright (C) 2012 Joost-Wim Boekesteijn <joost-wim@boekesteijn.nl>
  Copyright (C) 2012 Kris Kowal <kris.kowal@cixar.com>
  Copyright (C) 2012 Yusuke Suzuki <utatane.tea@gmail.com>
  Copyright (C) 2012 Arpad Borsos <arpad.borsos@googlemail.com>
  Copyright (C) 2011 Ariya Hidayat <ariya.hidayat@gmail.com>

  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
  AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
  ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY
  DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
  (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
  LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
  ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
  (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
  THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

/*jslint bitwise:true plusplus:true */
/*global esprima:true, exports:true,
throwError: true, createLiteral: true, generateStatement: true,
parseAssignmentExpression: true, parseBlock: true, parseExpression: true,
parseFunctionDeclaration: true, parseFunctionExpression: true,
parseFunctionSourceElements: true, parseVariableIdentifier: true,
parseLeftHandSideExpression: true,
parseStatement: true, parseSourceElement: true */

(function (exports) {
    'use strict';

    var Token,
        TokenName,
        Syntax,
        PropertyKind,
        Messages,
        Regex,
        source,
        allowIn,
        lastParenthesized,
        strict,
        index,
        lineNumber,
        lineStart,
        length,
        buffer,
        extra,
        labelSet,
        inIteration,
        inSwitch,
        inFunctionBody;

    Token = {
        BooleanLiteral: 1,
        EOF: 2,
        Identifier: 3,
        Keyword: 4,
        NullLiteral: 5,
        NumericLiteral: 6,
        Punctuator: 7,
        StringLiteral: 8
    };

    TokenName = {};
    TokenName[Token.BooleanLiteral] = 'Boolean';
    TokenName[Token.EOF] = '<end>';
    TokenName[Token.Identifier] = 'Identifier';
    TokenName[Token.Keyword] = 'Keyword';
    TokenName[Token.NullLiteral] = 'Null';
    TokenName[Token.NumericLiteral] = 'Numeric';
    TokenName[Token.Punctuator] = 'Punctuator';
    TokenName[Token.StringLiteral] = 'String';

    Syntax = {
        AssignmentExpression: 'AssignmentExpression',
        ArrayExpression: 'ArrayExpression',
        BlockStatement: 'BlockStatement',
        BinaryExpression: 'BinaryExpression',
        BreakStatement: 'BreakStatement',
        CallExpression: 'CallExpression',
        CatchClause: 'CatchClause',
        ConditionalExpression: 'ConditionalExpression',
        ContinueStatement: 'ContinueStatement',
        DoWhileStatement: 'DoWhileStatement',
        DebuggerStatement: 'DebuggerStatement',
        EmptyStatement: 'EmptyStatement',
        ExpressionStatement: 'ExpressionStatement',
        ForStatement: 'ForStatement',
        ForInStatement: 'ForInStatement',
        FunctionDeclaration: 'FunctionDeclaration',
        FunctionExpression: 'FunctionExpression',
        Identifier: 'Identifier',
        IfStatement: 'IfStatement',
        Literal: 'Literal',
        LabeledStatement: 'LabeledStatement',
        LogicalExpression: 'LogicalExpression',
        MemberExpression: 'MemberExpression',
        NewExpression: 'NewExpression',
        ObjectExpression: 'ObjectExpression',
        Program: 'Program',
        Property: 'Property',
        ReturnStatement: 'ReturnStatement',
        SequenceExpression: 'SequenceExpression',
        SwitchStatement: 'SwitchStatement',
        SwitchCase: 'SwitchCase',
        ThisExpression: 'ThisExpression',
        ThrowStatement: 'ThrowStatement',
        TryStatement: 'TryStatement',
        UnaryExpression: 'UnaryExpression',
        UpdateExpression: 'UpdateExpression',
        VariableDeclaration: 'VariableDeclaration',
        VariableDeclarator: 'VariableDeclarator',
        WhileStatement: 'WhileStatement',
        WithStatement: 'WithStatement'
    };

    PropertyKind = {
        Data: 1,
        Get: 2,
        Set: 4
    };

    // Error messages should be identical to V8.
    Messages = {
        UnexpectedToken:  'Unexpected token %0',
        UnexpectedNumber:  'Unexpected number',
        UnexpectedString:  'Unexpected string',
        UnexpectedIdentifier:  'Unexpected identifier',
        UnexpectedReserved:  'Unexpected reserved word',
        UnexpectedEOS:  'Unexpected end of input',
        NewlineAfterThrow:  'Illegal newline after throw',
        InvalidRegExp: 'Invalid regular expression',
        UnterminatedRegExp:  'Invalid regular expression: missing /',
        InvalidLHSInAssignment:  'Invalid left-hand side in assignment',
        InvalidLHSInForIn:  'Invalid left-hand side in for-in',
        NoCatchOrFinally:  'Missing catch or finally after try',
        UnknownLabel: 'Undefined label \'%0\'',
        Redeclaration: '%0 \'%1\' has already been declared',
        IllegalContinue: 'Illegal continue statement',
        IllegalBreak: 'Illegal break statement',
        IllegalReturn: 'Illegal return statement',
        StrictModeWith:  'Strict mode code may not include a with statement',
        StrictCatchVariable:  'Catch variable may not be eval or arguments in strict mode',
        StrictVarName:  'Variable name may not be eval or arguments in strict mode',
        StrictParamName:  'Parameter name eval or arguments is not allowed in strict mode',
        StrictParamDupe: 'Strict mode function may not have duplicate parameter names',
        StrictFunctionName:  'Function name may not be eval or arguments in strict mode',
        StrictOctalLiteral:  'Octal literals are not allowed in strict mode.',
        StrictDelete:  'Delete of an unqualified identifier in strict mode.',
        StrictDuplicateProperty:  'Duplicate data property in object literal not allowed in strict mode',
        AccessorDataProperty:  'Object literal may not have data and accessor property with the same name',
        AccessorGetSet:  'Object literal may not have multiple get/set accessors with the same name',
        StrictLHSAssignment:  'Assignment to eval or arguments is not allowed in strict mode',
        StrictLHSPostfix:  'Postfix increment/decrement may not have eval or arguments operand in strict mode',
        StrictLHSPrefix:  'Prefix increment/decrement may not have eval or arguments operand in strict mode',
        StrictReservedWord:  'Use of future reserved word in strict mode'
    };

    // See also tools/generate-unicode-regex.py.
    Regex = {
        NonAsciiIdentifierStart: new RegExp('[\xaa\xb5\xba\xc0-\xd6\xd8-\xf6\xf8-\u02c1\u02c6-\u02d1\u02e0-\u02e4\u02ec\u02ee\u0370-\u0374\u0376\u0377\u037a-\u037d\u0386\u0388-\u038a\u038c\u038e-\u03a1\u03a3-\u03f5\u03f7-\u0481\u048a-\u0527\u0531-\u0556\u0559\u0561-\u0587\u05d0-\u05ea\u05f0-\u05f2\u0620-\u064a\u066e\u066f\u0671-\u06d3\u06d5\u06e5\u06e6\u06ee\u06ef\u06fa-\u06fc\u06ff\u0710\u0712-\u072f\u074d-\u07a5\u07b1\u07ca-\u07ea\u07f4\u07f5\u07fa\u0800-\u0815\u081a\u0824\u0828\u0840-\u0858\u08a0\u08a2-\u08ac\u0904-\u0939\u093d\u0950\u0958-\u0961\u0971-\u0977\u0979-\u097f\u0985-\u098c\u098f\u0990\u0993-\u09a8\u09aa-\u09b0\u09b2\u09b6-\u09b9\u09bd\u09ce\u09dc\u09dd\u09df-\u09e1\u09f0\u09f1\u0a05-\u0a0a\u0a0f\u0a10\u0a13-\u0a28\u0a2a-\u0a30\u0a32\u0a33\u0a35\u0a36\u0a38\u0a39\u0a59-\u0a5c\u0a5e\u0a72-\u0a74\u0a85-\u0a8d\u0a8f-\u0a91\u0a93-\u0aa8\u0aaa-\u0ab0\u0ab2\u0ab3\u0ab5-\u0ab9\u0abd\u0ad0\u0ae0\u0ae1\u0b05-\u0b0c\u0b0f\u0b10\u0b13-\u0b28\u0b2a-\u0b30\u0b32\u0b33\u0b35-\u0b39\u0b3d\u0b5c\u0b5d\u0b5f-\u0b61\u0b71\u0b83\u0b85-\u0b8a\u0b8e-\u0b90\u0b92-\u0b95\u0b99\u0b9a\u0b9c\u0b9e\u0b9f\u0ba3\u0ba4\u0ba8-\u0baa\u0bae-\u0bb9\u0bd0\u0c05-\u0c0c\u0c0e-\u0c10\u0c12-\u0c28\u0c2a-\u0c33\u0c35-\u0c39\u0c3d\u0c58\u0c59\u0c60\u0c61\u0c85-\u0c8c\u0c8e-\u0c90\u0c92-\u0ca8\u0caa-\u0cb3\u0cb5-\u0cb9\u0cbd\u0cde\u0ce0\u0ce1\u0cf1\u0cf2\u0d05-\u0d0c\u0d0e-\u0d10\u0d12-\u0d3a\u0d3d\u0d4e\u0d60\u0d61\u0d7a-\u0d7f\u0d85-\u0d96\u0d9a-\u0db1\u0db3-\u0dbb\u0dbd\u0dc0-\u0dc6\u0e01-\u0e30\u0e32\u0e33\u0e40-\u0e46\u0e81\u0e82\u0e84\u0e87\u0e88\u0e8a\u0e8d\u0e94-\u0e97\u0e99-\u0e9f\u0ea1-\u0ea3\u0ea5\u0ea7\u0eaa\u0eab\u0ead-\u0eb0\u0eb2\u0eb3\u0ebd\u0ec0-\u0ec4\u0ec6\u0edc-\u0edf\u0f00\u0f40-\u0f47\u0f49-\u0f6c\u0f88-\u0f8c\u1000-\u102a\u103f\u1050-\u1055\u105a-\u105d\u1061\u1065\u1066\u106e-\u1070\u1075-\u1081\u108e\u10a0-\u10c5\u10c7\u10cd\u10d0-\u10fa\u10fc-\u1248\u124a-\u124d\u1250-\u1256\u1258\u125a-\u125d\u1260-\u1288\u128a-\u128d\u1290-\u12b0\u12b2-\u12b5\u12b8-\u12be\u12c0\u12c2-\u12c5\u12c8-\u12d6\u12d8-\u1310\u1312-\u1315\u1318-\u135a\u1380-\u138f\u13a0-\u13f4\u1401-\u166c\u166f-\u167f\u1681-\u169a\u16a0-\u16ea\u16ee-\u16f0\u1700-\u170c\u170e-\u1711\u1720-\u1731\u1740-\u1751\u1760-\u176c\u176e-\u1770\u1780-\u17b3\u17d7\u17dc\u1820-\u1877\u1880-\u18a8\u18aa\u18b0-\u18f5\u1900-\u191c\u1950-\u196d\u1970-\u1974\u1980-\u19ab\u19c1-\u19c7\u1a00-\u1a16\u1a20-\u1a54\u1aa7\u1b05-\u1b33\u1b45-\u1b4b\u1b83-\u1ba0\u1bae\u1baf\u1bba-\u1be5\u1c00-\u1c23\u1c4d-\u1c4f\u1c5a-\u1c7d\u1ce9-\u1cec\u1cee-\u1cf1\u1cf5\u1cf6\u1d00-\u1dbf\u1e00-\u1f15\u1f18-\u1f1d\u1f20-\u1f45\u1f48-\u1f4d\u1f50-\u1f57\u1f59\u1f5b\u1f5d\u1f5f-\u1f7d\u1f80-\u1fb4\u1fb6-\u1fbc\u1fbe\u1fc2-\u1fc4\u1fc6-\u1fcc\u1fd0-\u1fd3\u1fd6-\u1fdb\u1fe0-\u1fec\u1ff2-\u1ff4\u1ff6-\u1ffc\u2071\u207f\u2090-\u209c\u2102\u2107\u210a-\u2113\u2115\u2119-\u211d\u2124\u2126\u2128\u212a-\u212d\u212f-\u2139\u213c-\u213f\u2145-\u2149\u214e\u2160-\u2188\u2c00-\u2c2e\u2c30-\u2c5e\u2c60-\u2ce4\u2ceb-\u2cee\u2cf2\u2cf3\u2d00-\u2d25\u2d27\u2d2d\u2d30-\u2d67\u2d6f\u2d80-\u2d96\u2da0-\u2da6\u2da8-\u2dae\u2db0-\u2db6\u2db8-\u2dbe\u2dc0-\u2dc6\u2dc8-\u2dce\u2dd0-\u2dd6\u2dd8-\u2dde\u2e2f\u3005-\u3007\u3021-\u3029\u3031-\u3035\u3038-\u303c\u3041-\u3096\u309d-\u309f\u30a1-\u30fa\u30fc-\u30ff\u3105-\u312d\u3131-\u318e\u31a0-\u31ba\u31f0-\u31ff\u3400-\u4db5\u4e00-\u9fcc\ua000-\ua48c\ua4d0-\ua4fd\ua500-\ua60c\ua610-\ua61f\ua62a\ua62b\ua640-\ua66e\ua67f-\ua697\ua6a0-\ua6ef\ua717-\ua71f\ua722-\ua788\ua78b-\ua78e\ua790-\ua793\ua7a0-\ua7aa\ua7f8-\ua801\ua803-\ua805\ua807-\ua80a\ua80c-\ua822\ua840-\ua873\ua882-\ua8b3\ua8f2-\ua8f7\ua8fb\ua90a-\ua925\ua930-\ua946\ua960-\ua97c\ua984-\ua9b2\ua9cf\uaa00-\uaa28\uaa40-\uaa42\uaa44-\uaa4b\uaa60-\uaa76\uaa7a\uaa80-\uaaaf\uaab1\uaab5\uaab6\uaab9-\uaabd\uaac0\uaac2\uaadb-\uaadd\uaae0-\uaaea\uaaf2-\uaaf4\uab01-\uab06\uab09-\uab0e\uab11-\uab16\uab20-\uab26\uab28-\uab2e\uabc0-\uabe2\uac00-\ud7a3\ud7b0-\ud7c6\ud7cb-\ud7fb\uf900-\ufa6d\ufa70-\ufad9\ufb00-\ufb06\ufb13-\ufb17\ufb1d\ufb1f-\ufb28\ufb2a-\ufb36\ufb38-\ufb3c\ufb3e\ufb40\ufb41\ufb43\ufb44\ufb46-\ufbb1\ufbd3-\ufd3d\ufd50-\ufd8f\ufd92-\ufdc7\ufdf0-\ufdfb\ufe70-\ufe74\ufe76-\ufefc\uff21-\uff3a\uff41-\uff5a\uff66-\uffbe\uffc2-\uffc7\uffca-\uffcf\uffd2-\uffd7\uffda-\uffdc]'),
        NonAsciiIdentifierPart: new 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\uffc7\uffca-\uffcf\uffd2-\uffd7\uffda-\uffdc]')
    };

    // Ensure the condition is true, otherwise throw an error.
    // This is only to have a better contract semantic, i.e. another safety net
    // to catch a logic error. The condition shall be fulfilled in normal case.
    // Do NOT use this to enforce a certain condition on any user input.

    function assert(condition, message) {
        if (!condition) {
            throw new Error('ASSERT: ' + message);
        }
    }

    function sliceSource(from, to) {
        return source.slice(from, to);
    }

    if (typeof 'esprima'[0] === 'undefined') {
        sliceSource = function sliceArraySource(from, to) {
            return source.slice(from, to).join('');
        };
    }

    function isDecimalDigit(ch) {
        return '0123456789'.indexOf(ch) >= 0;
    }

    function isHexDigit(ch) {
        return '0123456789abcdefABCDEF'.indexOf(ch) >= 0;
    }

    function isOctalDigit(ch) {
        return '01234567'.indexOf(ch) >= 0;
    }


    // 7.2 White Space

    function isWhiteSpace(ch) {
        return (ch === ' ') || (ch === '\u0009') || (ch === '\u000B') ||
            (ch === '\u000C') || (ch === '\u00A0') ||
            (ch.charCodeAt(0) >= 0x1680 &&
             '\u1680\u180E\u2000\u2001\u2002\u2003\u2004\u2005\u2006\u2007\u2008\u2009\u200A\u202F\u205F\u3000\uFEFF'.indexOf(ch) >= 0);
    }

    // 7.3 Line Terminators

    function isLineTerminator(ch) {
        return (ch === '\n' || ch === '\r' || ch === '\u2028' || ch === '\u2029');
    }

    // 7.6 Identifier Names and Identifiers

    function isIdentifierStart(ch) {
        return (ch === '$') || (ch === '_') || (ch === '\\') ||
            (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ||
            ((ch.charCodeAt(0) >= 0x80) && Regex.NonAsciiIdentifierStart.test(ch));
    }

    function isIdentifierPart(ch) {
        return (ch === '$') || (ch === '_') || (ch === '\\') ||
            (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ||
            ((ch >= '0') && (ch <= '9')) ||
            ((ch.charCodeAt(0) >= 0x80) && Regex.NonAsciiIdentifierPart.test(ch));
    }

    // 7.6.1.2 Future Reserved Words

    function isFutureReservedWord(id) {
        switch (id) {

        // Future reserved words.
        case 'class':
        case 'enum':
        case 'export':
        case 'extends':
        case 'import':
        case 'super':
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    function isStrictModeReservedWord(id) {
        switch (id) {

        // Strict Mode reserved words.
        case 'implements':
        case 'interface':
        case 'package':
        case 'private':
        case 'protected':
        case 'public':
        case 'static':
        case 'yield':
        case 'let':
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    function isRestrictedWord(id) {
        return id === 'eval' || id === 'arguments';
    }

    // 7.6.1.1 Keywords

    function isKeyword(id) {
        var keyword = false;
        switch (id.length) {
        case 2:
            keyword = (id === 'if') || (id === 'in') || (id === 'do');
            break;
        case 3:
            keyword = (id === 'var') || (id === 'for') || (id === 'new') || (id === 'try');
            break;
        case 4:
            keyword = (id === 'this') || (id === 'else') || (id === 'case') || (id === 'void') || (id === 'with');
            break;
        case 5:
            keyword = (id === 'while') || (id === 'break') || (id === 'catch') || (id === 'throw');
            break;
        case 6:
            keyword = (id === 'return') || (id === 'typeof') || (id === 'delete') || (id === 'switch');
            break;
        case 7:
            keyword = (id === 'default') || (id === 'finally');
            break;
        case 8:
            keyword = (id === 'function') || (id === 'continue') || (id === 'debugger');
            break;
        case 10:
            keyword = (id === 'instanceof');
            break;
        }

        if (keyword) {
            return true;
        }

        switch (id) {
        // Future reserved words.
        // 'const' is specialized as Keyword in V8.
        case 'const':
            return true;

        // For compatiblity to SpiderMonkey and ES.next
        case 'yield':
        case 'let':
            return true;
        }

        if (strict && isStrictModeReservedWord(id)) {
            return true;
        }

        return isFutureReservedWord(id);
    }

    // Return the next character and move forward.

    function nextChar() {
        return source[index++];
    }

    // 7.4 Comments

    function skipComment() {
        var ch, blockComment, lineComment;

        blockComment = false;
        lineComment = false;

        while (index < length) {
            ch = source[index];

            if (lineComment) {
                ch = nextChar();
                if (isLineTerminator(ch)) {
                    lineComment = false;
                    if (ch === '\r' && source[index] === '\n') {
                        ++index;
                    }
                    ++lineNumber;
                    lineStart = index;
                }
            } else if (blockComment) {
                if (isLineTerminator(ch)) {
                    if (ch === '\r' && source[index + 1] === '\n') {
                        ++index;
                    }
                    ++lineNumber;
                    ++index;
                    lineStart = index;
                    if (index >= length) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                    }
                } else {
                    ch = nextChar();
                    if (index >= length) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                    }
                    if (ch === '*') {
                        ch = source[index];
                        if (ch === '/') {
                            ++index;
                            blockComment = false;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else if (ch === '/') {
                ch = source[index + 1];
                if (ch === '/') {
                    index += 2;
                    lineComment = true;
                } else if (ch === '*') {
                    index += 2;
                    blockComment = true;
                    if (index >= length) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                    }
                } else {
                    break;
                }
            } else if (isWhiteSpace(ch)) {
                ++index;
            } else if (isLineTerminator(ch)) {
                ++index;
                if (ch ===  '\r' && source[index] === '\n') {
                    ++index;
                }
                ++lineNumber;
                lineStart = index;
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    function scanHexEscape(prefix) {
        var i, len, ch, code = 0;

        len = (prefix === 'u') ? 4 : 2;
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (index < length && isHexDigit(source[index])) {
                ch = nextChar();
                code = code * 16 + '0123456789abcdef'.indexOf(ch.toLowerCase());
            } else {
                return '';
            }
        }
        return String.fromCharCode(code);
    }

    function scanIdentifier() {
        var ch, start, id, restore;

        ch = source[index];
        if (!isIdentifierStart(ch)) {
            return;
        }

        start = index;
        if (ch === '\\') {
            ++index;
            if (source[index] !== 'u') {
                return;
            }
            ++index;
            restore = index;
            ch = scanHexEscape('u');
            if (ch) {
                if (ch === '\\' || !isIdentifierStart(ch)) {
                    return;
                }
                id = ch;
            } else {
                index = restore;
                id = 'u';
            }
        } else {
            id = nextChar();
        }

        while (index < length) {
            ch = source[index];
            if (!isIdentifierPart(ch)) {
                break;
            }
            if (ch === '\\') {
                ++index;
                if (source[index] !== 'u') {
                    return;
                }
                ++index;
                restore = index;
                ch = scanHexEscape('u');
                if (ch) {
                    if (ch === '\\' || !isIdentifierPart(ch)) {
                        return;
                    }
                    id += ch;
                } else {
                    index = restore;
                    id += 'u';
                }
            } else {
                id += nextChar();
            }
        }

        // There is no keyword or literal with only one character.
        // Thus, it must be an identifier.
        if (id.length === 1) {
            return {
                type: Token.Identifier,
                value: id,
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        if (isKeyword(id)) {
            return {
                type: Token.Keyword,
                value: id,
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        // 7.8.1 Null Literals

        if (id === 'null') {
            return {
                type: Token.NullLiteral,
                value: id,
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        // 7.8.2 Boolean Literals

        if (id === 'true' || id === 'false') {
            return {
                type: Token.BooleanLiteral,
                value: id,
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        return {
            type: Token.Identifier,
            value: id,
            lineNumber: lineNumber,
            lineStart: lineStart,
            range: [start, index]
        };
    }

    // 7.7 Punctuators

    function scanPunctuator() {
        var start = index,
            ch1 = source[index],
            ch2,
            ch3,
            ch4;

        // Check for most common single-character punctuators.

        if (ch1 === ';' || ch1 === '{' || ch1 === '}') {
            ++index;
            return {
                type: Token.Punctuator,
                value: ch1,
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        if (ch1 === ',' || ch1 === '(' || ch1 === ')') {
            ++index;
            return {
                type: Token.Punctuator,
                value: ch1,
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        // Dot (.) can also start a floating-point number, hence the need
        // to check the next character.

        ch2 = source[index + 1];
        if (ch1 === '.' && !isDecimalDigit(ch2)) {
            return {
                type: Token.Punctuator,
                value: nextChar(),
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        // Peek more characters.

        ch3 = source[index + 2];
        ch4 = source[index + 3];

        // 4-character punctuator: >>>=

        if (ch1 === '>' && ch2 === '>' && ch3 === '>') {
            if (ch4 === '=') {
                index += 4;
                return {
                    type: Token.Punctuator,
                    value: '>>>=',
                    lineNumber: lineNumber,
                    lineStart: lineStart,
                    range: [start, index]
                };
            }
        }

        // 3-character punctuators: === !== >>> <<= >>=

        if (ch1 === '=' && ch2 === '=' && ch3 === '=') {
            index += 3;
            return {
                type: Token.Punctuator,
                value: '===',
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        if (ch1 === '!' && ch2 === '=' && ch3 === '=') {
            index += 3;
            return {
                type: Token.Punctuator,
                value: '!==',
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        if (ch1 === '>' && ch2 === '>' && ch3 === '>') {
            index += 3;
            return {
                type: Token.Punctuator,
                value: '>>>',
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        if (ch1 === '<' && ch2 === '<' && ch3 === '=') {
            index += 3;
            return {
                type: Token.Punctuator,
                value: '<<=',
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        if (ch1 === '>' && ch2 === '>' && ch3 === '=') {
            index += 3;
            return {
                type: Token.Punctuator,
                value: '>>=',
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }

        // 2-character punctuators: <= >= == != ++ -- << >> && ||
        // += -= *= %= &= |= ^= /=

        if (ch2 === '=') {
            if ('<>=!+-*%&|^/'.indexOf(ch1) >= 0) {
                index += 2;
                return {
                    type: Token.Punctuator,
                    value: ch1 + ch2,
                    lineNumber: lineNumber,
                    lineStart: lineStart,
                    range: [start, index]
                };
            }
        }

        if (ch1 === ch2 && ('+-<>&|'.indexOf(ch1) >= 0)) {
            if ('+-<>&|'.indexOf(ch2) >= 0) {
                index += 2;
                return {
                    type: Token.Punctuator,
                    value: ch1 + ch2,
                    lineNumber: lineNumber,
                    lineStart: lineStart,
                    range: [start, index]
                };
            }
        }

        // The remaining 1-character punctuators.

        if ('[]<>+-*%&|^!~?:=/'.indexOf(ch1) >= 0) {
            return {
                type: Token.Punctuator,
                value: nextChar(),
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [start, index]
            };
        }
    }

    // 7.8.3 Numeric Literals

    function scanNumericLiteral() {
        var number, start, ch;

        ch = source[index];
        assert(isDecimalDigit(ch) || (ch === '.'),
            'Numeric literal must start with a decimal digit or a decimal point');

        start = index;
        number = '';
        if (ch !== '.') {
            number = nextChar();
            ch = source[index];

            // Hex number starts with '0x'.
            // Octal number starts with '0'.
            if (number === '0') {
                if (ch === 'x' || ch === 'X') {
                    number += nextChar();
                    while (index < length) {
                        ch = source[index];
                        if (!isHexDigit(ch)) {
                            break;
                        }
                        number += nextChar();
                    }

                    if (number.length <= 2) {
                        // only 0x
                        throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                    }

                    if (index < length) {
                        ch = source[index];
                        if (isIdentifierStart(ch)) {
                            throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                        }
                    }
                    return {
                        type: Token.NumericLiteral,
                        value: parseInt(number, 16),
                        lineNumber: lineNumber,
                        lineStart: lineStart,
                        range: [start, index]
                    };
                } else if (isOctalDigit(ch)) {
                    number += nextChar();
                    while (index < length) {
                        ch = source[index];
                        if (!isOctalDigit(ch)) {
                            break;
                        }
                        number += nextChar();
                    }

                    if (index < length) {
                        ch = source[index];
                        if (isIdentifierStart(ch) || isDecimalDigit(ch)) {
                            throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                        }
                    }
                    return {
                        type: Token.NumericLiteral,
                        value: parseInt(number, 8),
                        octal: true,
                        lineNumber: lineNumber,
                        lineStart: lineStart,
                        range: [start, index]
                    };
                }

                // decimal number starts with '0' such as '09' is illegal.
                if (isDecimalDigit(ch)) {
                    throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                }
            }

            while (index < length) {
                ch = source[index];
                if (!isDecimalDigit(ch)) {
                    break;
                }
                number += nextChar();
            }
        }

        if (ch === '.') {
            number += nextChar();
            while (index < length) {
                ch = source[index];
                if (!isDecimalDigit(ch)) {
                    break;
                }
                number += nextChar();
            }
        }

        if (ch === 'e' || ch === 'E') {
            number += nextChar();

            ch = source[index];
            if (ch === '+' || ch === '-') {
                number += nextChar();
            }

            ch = source[index];
            if (isDecimalDigit(ch)) {
                number += nextChar();
                while (index < length) {
                    ch = source[index];
                    if (!isDecimalDigit(ch)) {
                        break;
                    }
                    number += nextChar();
                }
            } else {
                ch = 'character ' + ch;
                if (index >= length) {
                    ch = '<end>';
                }
                throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
            }
        }

        if (index < length) {
            ch = source[index];
            if (isIdentifierStart(ch)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
            }
        }

        return {
            type: Token.NumericLiteral,
            value: parseFloat(number),
            lineNumber: lineNumber,
            lineStart: lineStart,
            range: [start, index]
        };
    }

    // 7.8.4 String Literals

    function scanStringLiteral() {
        var str = '', quote, start, ch, code, unescaped, restore, octal = false;

        quote = source[index];
        assert((quote === '\'' || quote === '"'),
            'String literal must starts with a quote');

        start = index;
        ++index;

        while (index < length) {
            ch = nextChar();

            if (ch === quote) {
                quote = '';
                break;
            } else if (ch === '\\') {
                ch = nextChar();
                if (!isLineTerminator(ch)) {
                    switch (ch) {
                    case 'n':
                        str += '\n';
                        break;
                    case 'r':
                        str += '\r';
                        break;
                    case 't':
                        str += '\t';
                        break;
                    case 'u':
                    case 'x':
                        restore = index;
                        unescaped = scanHexEscape(ch);
                        if (unescaped) {
                            str += unescaped;
                        } else {
                            index = restore;
                            str += ch;
                        }
                        break;
                    case 'b':
                        str += '\b';
                        break;
                    case 'f':
                        str += '\f';
                        break;
                    case 'v':
                        str += '\v';
                        break;

                    default:
                        if (isOctalDigit(ch)) {
                            code = '01234567'.indexOf(ch);

                            // \0 is not octal escape sequence
                            if (code !== 0) {
                                octal = true;
                            }

                            if (index < length && isOctalDigit(source[index])) {
                                octal = true;
                                code = code * 8 + '01234567'.indexOf(nextChar());

                                // 3 digits are only allowed when string starts
                                // with 0, 1, 2, 3
                                if ('0123'.indexOf(ch) >= 0 &&
                                        index < length &&
                                        isOctalDigit(source[index])) {
                                    code = code * 8 + '01234567'.indexOf(nextChar());
                                }
                            }
                            str += String.fromCharCode(code);
                        } else {
                            str += ch;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                } else {
                    ++lineNumber;
                    if (ch ===  '\r' && source[index] === '\n') {
                        ++index;
                    }
                }
            } else if (isLineTerminator(ch)) {
                break;
            } else {
                str += ch;
            }
        }

        if (quote !== '') {
            throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
        }

        return {
            type: Token.StringLiteral,
            value: str,
            octal: octal,
            lineNumber: lineNumber,
            lineStart: lineStart,
            range: [start, index]
        };
    }

    function scanRegExp() {
        var str = '', ch, start, pattern, flags, value, classMarker = false, restore;

        buffer = null;
        skipComment();

        start = index;
        ch = source[index];
        assert(ch === '/', 'Regular expression literal must start with a slash');
        str = nextChar();

        while (index < length) {
            ch = nextChar();
            str += ch;
            if (classMarker) {
                if (ch === ']') {
                    classMarker = false;
                }
            } else {
                if (ch === '\\') {
                    str += nextChar();
                }
                if (ch === '/') {
                    break;
                }
                if (ch === '[') {
                    classMarker = true;
                }
                if (isLineTerminator(ch)) {
                    throwError({}, Messages.UnterminatedRegExp);
                }
            }
        }

        if (str.length === 1) {
            throwError({}, Messages.UnterminatedRegExp);
        }

        // Exclude leading and trailing slash.
        pattern = str.substr(1, str.length - 2);

        flags = '';
        while (index < length) {
            ch = source[index];
            if (!isIdentifierPart(ch)) {
                break;
            }

            ++index;
            if (ch === '\\' && index < length) {
                ch = source[index];
                if (ch === 'u') {
                    ++index;
                    restore = index;
                    ch = scanHexEscape('u');
                    if (ch) {
                        flags += ch;
                        str += '\\u';
                        for (; restore < index; ++restore) {
                            str += source[restore];
                        }
                    } else {
                        index = restore;
                        flags += 'u';
                        str += '\\u';
                    }
                } else {
                    str += '\\';
                }
            } else {
                flags += ch;
                str += ch;
            }
        }

        try {
            value = new RegExp(pattern, flags);
        } catch (e) {
            throwError({}, Messages.InvalidRegExp);
        }

        return {
            literal: str,
            value: value,
            range: [start, index]
        };
    }

    function isIdentifierName(token) {
        return token.type === Token.Identifier ||
            token.type === Token.Keyword ||
            token.type === Token.BooleanLiteral ||
            token.type === Token.NullLiteral;
    }

    function advance() {
        var ch, token;

        skipComment();

        if (index >= length) {
            return {
                type: Token.EOF,
                lineNumber: lineNumber,
                lineStart: lineStart,
                range: [index, index]
            };
        }

        token = scanPunctuator();
        if (typeof token !== 'undefined') {
            return token;
        }

        ch = source[index];

        if (ch === '\'' || ch === '"') {
            return scanStringLiteral();
        }

        if (ch === '.' || isDecimalDigit(ch)) {
            return scanNumericLiteral();
        }

        token = scanIdentifier();
        if (typeof token !== 'undefined') {
            return token;
        }

        throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
    }

    function lex() {
        var token;

        if (buffer) {
            index = buffer.range[1];
            lineNumber = buffer.lineNumber;
            lineStart = buffer.lineStart;
            token = buffer;
            buffer = null;
            return token;
        }

        buffer = null;
        return advance();
    }

    function lookahead() {
        var pos, line, start;

        if (buffer !== null) {
            return buffer;
        }

        pos = index;
        line = lineNumber;
        start = lineStart;
        buffer = advance();
        index = pos;
        lineNumber = line;
        lineStart = start;

        return buffer;
    }

    // Return true if there is a line terminator before the next token.

    function peekLineTerminator() {
        var pos, line, start, found;

        pos = index;
        line = lineNumber;
        start = lineStart;
        skipComment();
        found = lineNumber !== line;
        index = pos;
        lineNumber = line;
        lineStart = start;

        return found;
    }

    // Throw an exception

    function throwError(token, messageFormat) {
        var error,
            args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2),
            msg = messageFormat.replace(
                /%(\d)/g,
                function (whole, index) {
                    return args[index] || '';
                }
            );

        if (typeof token.lineNumber === 'number') {
            error = new Error('Line ' + token.lineNumber + ': ' + msg);
            error.index = token.range[0];
            error.lineNumber = token.lineNumber;
            error.column = token.range[0] - lineStart + 1;
        } else {
            error = new Error('Line ' + lineNumber + ': ' + msg);
            error.index = index;
            error.lineNumber = lineNumber;
            error.column = index - lineStart + 1;
        }

        throw error;
    }

    function throwErrorTolerant() {
        var error;
        try {
            throwError.apply(null, arguments);
        } catch (e) {
            if (extra.errors) {
                extra.errors.push(e);
            } else {
                throw e;
            }
        }
    }


    // Throw an exception because of the token.

    function throwUnexpected(token) {
        var s;

        if (token.type === Token.EOF) {
            throwError(token, Messages.UnexpectedEOS);
        }

        if (token.type === Token.NumericLiteral) {
            throwError(token, Messages.UnexpectedNumber);
        }

        if (token.type === Token.StringLiteral) {
            throwError(token, Messages.UnexpectedString);
        }

        if (token.type === Token.Identifier) {
            throwError(token, Messages.UnexpectedIdentifier);
        }

        if (token.type === Token.Keyword) {
            if (isFutureReservedWord(token.value)) {
                throwError(token, Messages.UnexpectedReserved);
            } else if (strict && isStrictModeReservedWord(token.value)) {
                throwError(token, Messages.StrictReservedWord);
            }
            throwError(token, Messages.UnexpectedToken, token.value);
        }

        // BooleanLiteral, NullLiteral, or Punctuator.
        throwError(token, Messages.UnexpectedToken, token.value);
    }

    // Expect the next token to match the specified punctuator.
    // If not, an exception will be thrown.

    function expect(value) {
        var token = lex();
        if (token.type !== Token.Punctuator || token.value !== value) {
            throwUnexpected(token);
        }
    }

    // Expect the next token to match the specified keyword.
    // If not, an exception will be thrown.

    function expectKeyword(keyword) {
        var token = lex();
        if (token.type !== Token.Keyword || token.value !== keyword) {
            throwUnexpected(token);
        }
    }

    // Return true if the next token matches the specified punctuator.

    function match(value) {
        var token = lookahead();
        return token.type === Token.Punctuator && token.value === value;
    }

    // Return true if the next token matches the specified keyword

    function matchKeyword(keyword) {
        var token = lookahead();
        return token.type === Token.Keyword && token.value === keyword;
    }

    // Return true if the next token is an assignment operator

    function matchAssign() {
        var token = lookahead(),
            op = token.value;

        if (token.type !== Token.Punctuator) {
            return false;
        }
        return op === '=' ||
            op === '*=' ||
            op === '/=' ||
            op === '%=' ||
            op === '+=' ||
            op === '-=' ||
            op === '<<=' ||
            op === '>>=' ||
            op === '>>>=' ||
            op === '&=' ||
            op === '^=' ||
            op === '|=';
    }

    function consumeSemicolon() {
        var token, line;

        // Catch the very common case first.
        if (source[index] === ';') {
            lex();
            return;
        }

        line = lineNumber;
        skipComment();
        if (lineNumber !== line) {
            return;
        }

        if (match(';')) {
            lex();
            return;
        }

        token = lookahead();
        if (token.type !== Token.EOF && !match('}')) {
            throwUnexpected(token);
        }
        return;
    }

    // Return true if provided expression is LeftHandSideExpression

    function isLeftHandSide(expr) {
        switch (expr.type) {
        case 'AssignmentExpression':
        case 'BinaryExpression':
        case 'ConditionalExpression':
        case 'LogicalExpression':
        case 'SequenceExpression':
        case 'UnaryExpression':
        case 'UpdateExpression':
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    // 11.1.4 Array Initialiser

    function parseArrayInitialiser() {
        var elements = [],
            undef;

        expect('[');

        while (!match(']')) {
            if (match(',')) {
                lex();
                elements.push(undef);
            } else {
                elements.push(parseAssignmentExpression());

                if (!match(']')) {
                    expect(',');
                }
            }
        }

        expect(']');

        return {
            type: Syntax.ArrayExpression,
            elements: elements
        };
    }

    // 11.1.5 Object Initialiser

    function parsePropertyFunction(param, first) {
        var previousStrict, body;

        previousStrict = strict;
        body = parseFunctionSourceElements();
        if (first && strict && isRestrictedWord(param[0].name)) {
            throwError(first, Messages.StrictParamName);
        }
        strict = previousStrict;

        return {
            type: Syntax.FunctionExpression,
            id: null,
            params: param,
            body: body
        };
    }

    function parseObjectPropertyKey() {
        var token = lex(),
            key;

        switch (token.type) {

        case Token.StringLiteral:
        case Token.NumericLiteral:
            if (strict && token.octal) {
                throwError(token, Messages.StrictOctalLiteral);
            }
            key = createLiteral(token);
            break;

        case Token.Identifier:
        case Token.Keyword:
        case Token.BooleanLiteral:
        case Token.NullLiteral:
            key = {
                type: Syntax.Identifier,
                name: token.value
            };
            break;

        default:
            // Unreachable, since parseObjectProperty() will not call this
            // function with any other type of token.
        }

        return key;
    }

    function parseObjectProperty() {
        var token, property, key, id, param;

        token = lookahead();

        switch (token.type) {

        case Token.Identifier:
            id = parseObjectPropertyKey();

            // Property Assignment: Getter and Setter.

            if (token.value === 'get' && !match(':')) {
                key = parseObjectPropertyKey();
                expect('(');
                expect(')');
                property = {
                    type: Syntax.Property,
                    key: key,
                    value: parsePropertyFunction([]),
                    kind: 'get'
                };
            } else if (token.value === 'set' && !match(':')) {
                key = parseObjectPropertyKey();
                expect('(');
                token = lookahead();
                if (token.type !== Token.Identifier) {
                    throwUnexpected(lex());
                }
                param = [ parseVariableIdentifier() ];
                expect(')');
                property = {
                    type: Syntax.Property,
                    key: key,
                    value: parsePropertyFunction(param, token),
                    kind: 'set'
                };
            } else {
                expect(':');
                property = {
                    type: Syntax.Property,
                    key: id,
                    value: parseAssignmentExpression(),
                    kind: 'init'
                };
            }
            break;

        case Token.Keyword:
        case Token.BooleanLiteral:
        case Token.NullLiteral:
        case Token.StringLiteral:
        case Token.NumericLiteral:
            key = parseObjectPropertyKey();
            expect(':');
            property = {
                type: Syntax.Property,
                key: key,
                value: parseAssignmentExpression(),
                kind: 'init'
            };
            break;

        default:
            throwUnexpected(token);
        }

        return property;
    }

    function parseObjectInitialiser() {
        var token, properties = [], property, name, kind, map = {}, toString = String;

        expect('{');

        while (!match('}')) {
            property = parseObjectProperty();

            if (property.key.type === Syntax.Identifier) {
                name = property.key.name;
            } else {
                name = toString(property.key.value);
            }
            kind = (property.kind === 'init') ? PropertyKind.Data : (property.kind === 'get') ? PropertyKind.Get : PropertyKind.Set;
            if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(map, name)) {
                if (map[name] === PropertyKind.Data) {
                    if (strict && kind === PropertyKind.Data) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.StrictDuplicateProperty);
                    } else if (kind !== PropertyKind.Data) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.AccessorDataProperty);
                    }
                } else {
                    if (kind === PropertyKind.Data) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.AccessorDataProperty);
                    } else if (map[name] & kind) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.AccessorGetSet);
                    }
                }
                map[name] |= kind;
            } else {
                map[name] = kind;
            }

            properties.push(property);

            if (!match('}')) {
                expect(',');
            }
        }

        expect('}');

        return {
            type: Syntax.ObjectExpression,
            properties: properties
        };
    }

    // 11.1 Primary Expressions

    function parsePrimaryExpression() {
        var expr,
            token = lookahead(),
            type = token.type;

        if (type === Token.Identifier) {
            return {
                type: Syntax.Identifier,
                name: lex().value
            };
        }

        if (type === Token.StringLiteral || type === Token.NumericLiteral) {
            if (strict && token.octal) {
                throwError(token, Messages.StrictOctalLiteral);
            }
            return createLiteral(lex());
        }

        if (type === Token.Keyword) {
            if (matchKeyword('this')) {
                lex();
                return {
                    type: Syntax.ThisExpression
                };
            }

            if (matchKeyword('function')) {
                return parseFunctionExpression();
            }
        }

        if (type === Token.BooleanLiteral) {
            lex();
            token.value = (token.value === 'true');
            return createLiteral(token);
        }

        if (type === Token.NullLiteral) {
            lex();
            token.value = null;
            return createLiteral(token);
        }

        if (match('[')) {
            return parseArrayInitialiser();
        }

        if (match('{')) {
            return parseObjectInitialiser();
        }

        if (match('(')) {
            lex();
            lastParenthesized = expr = parseExpression();
            expect(')');
            return expr;
        }

        if (match('/') || match('/=')) {
            return createLiteral(scanRegExp());
        }

        return throwUnexpected(lex());
    }

    // 11.2 Left-Hand-Side Expressions

    function parseArguments() {
        var args = [];

        expect('(');

        if (!match(')')) {
            while (index < length) {
                args.push(parseAssignmentExpression());
                if (match(')')) {
                    break;
                }
                expect(',');
            }
        }

        expect(')');

        return args;
    }

    function parseNonComputedProperty() {
        var token = lex();

        if (!isIdentifierName(token)) {
            throwUnexpected(token);
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.Identifier,
            name: token.value
        };
    }

    function parseNonComputedMember(object) {
        return {
            type: Syntax.MemberExpression,
            computed: false,
            object: object,
            property: parseNonComputedProperty()
        };
    }

    function parseComputedMember(object) {
        var property, expr;

        expect('[');
        property = parseExpression();
        expr = {
            type: Syntax.MemberExpression,
            computed: true,
            object: object,
            property: property
        };
        expect(']');
        return expr;
    }

    function parseCallMember(object) {
        return {
            type: Syntax.CallExpression,
            callee: object,
            'arguments': parseArguments()
        };
    }

    function parseNewExpression() {
        var expr;

        expectKeyword('new');

        expr = {
            type: Syntax.NewExpression,
            callee: parseLeftHandSideExpression(),
            'arguments': []
        };

        if (match('(')) {
            expr['arguments'] = parseArguments();
        }

        return expr;
    }

    function parseLeftHandSideExpressionAllowCall() {
        var useNew, expr;

        useNew = matchKeyword('new');
        expr = useNew ? parseNewExpression() : parsePrimaryExpression();

        while (index < length) {
            if (match('.')) {
                lex();
                expr = parseNonComputedMember(expr);
            } else if (match('[')) {
                expr = parseComputedMember(expr);
            } else if (match('(')) {
                expr = parseCallMember(expr);
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }

        return expr;
    }

    function parseLeftHandSideExpression() {
        var useNew, expr;

        useNew = matchKeyword('new');
        expr = useNew ? parseNewExpression() : parsePrimaryExpression();

        while (index < length) {
            if (match('.')) {
                lex();
                expr = parseNonComputedMember(expr);
            } else if (match('[')) {
                expr = parseComputedMember(expr);
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.3 Postfix Expressions

    function parsePostfixExpression() {
        var expr = parseLeftHandSideExpressionAllowCall();

        if ((match('++') || match('--')) && !peekLineTerminator()) {
            // 11.3.1, 11.3.2
            if (strict && expr.type === Syntax.Identifier && isRestrictedWord(expr.name)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.StrictLHSPostfix);
            }
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.UpdateExpression,
                operator: lex().value,
                argument: expr,
                prefix: false
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.4 Unary Operators

    function parseUnaryExpression() {
        var token, expr;

        if (match('++') || match('--')) {
            token = lex();
            expr = parseUnaryExpression();
            // 11.4.4, 11.4.5
            if (strict && expr.type === Syntax.Identifier && isRestrictedWord(expr.name)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.StrictLHSPrefix);
            }
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.UpdateExpression,
                operator: token.value,
                argument: expr,
                prefix: true
            };
            return expr;
        }

        if (match('+') || match('-') || match('~') || match('!')) {
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.UnaryExpression,
                operator: lex().value,
                argument: parseUnaryExpression()
            };
            return expr;
        }

        if (matchKeyword('delete') || matchKeyword('void') || matchKeyword('typeof')) {
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.UnaryExpression,
                operator: lex().value,
                argument: parseUnaryExpression()
            };
            if (strict && expr.operator === 'delete' && expr.argument.type === Syntax.Identifier) {
                throwError({}, Messages.StrictDelete);
            }
            return expr;
        }

        return parsePostfixExpression();
    }

    // 11.5 Multiplicative Operators

    function parseMultiplicativeExpression() {
        var expr = parseUnaryExpression();

        while (match('*') || match('/') || match('%')) {
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: lex().value,
                left: expr,
                right: parseUnaryExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.6 Additive Operators

    function parseAdditiveExpression() {
        var expr = parseMultiplicativeExpression();

        while (match('+') || match('-')) {
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: lex().value,
                left: expr,
                right: parseMultiplicativeExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.7 Bitwise Shift Operators

    function parseShiftExpression() {
        var expr = parseAdditiveExpression();

        while (match('<<') || match('>>') || match('>>>')) {
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: lex().value,
                left: expr,
                right: parseAdditiveExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }
    // 11.8 Relational Operators

    function parseRelationalExpression() {
        var expr, previousAllowIn;

        previousAllowIn = allowIn;
        allowIn = true;
        expr = parseShiftExpression();
        allowIn = previousAllowIn;

        if (match('<') || match('>') || match('<=') || match('>=')) {
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: lex().value,
                left: expr,
                right: parseRelationalExpression()
            };
        } else if (allowIn && matchKeyword('in')) {
            lex();
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: 'in',
                left: expr,
                right: parseRelationalExpression()
            };
        } else if (matchKeyword('instanceof')) {
            lex();
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: 'instanceof',
                left: expr,
                right: parseRelationalExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.9 Equality Operators

    function parseEqualityExpression() {
        var expr = parseRelationalExpression();

        while (match('==') || match('!=') || match('===') || match('!==')) {
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: lex().value,
                left: expr,
                right: parseRelationalExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.10 Binary Bitwise Operators

    function parseBitwiseANDExpression() {
        var expr = parseEqualityExpression();

        while (match('&')) {
            lex();
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: '&',
                left: expr,
                right: parseEqualityExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    function parseBitwiseORExpression() {
        var expr = parseBitwiseANDExpression();

        while (match('|')) {
            lex();
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: '|',
                left: expr,
                right: parseBitwiseANDExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    function parseBitwiseXORExpression() {
        var expr = parseBitwiseORExpression();

        while (match('^')) {
            lex();
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.BinaryExpression,
                operator: '^',
                left: expr,
                right: parseBitwiseORExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.11 Binary Logical Operators

    function parseLogicalANDExpression() {
        var expr = parseBitwiseXORExpression();

        while (match('&&')) {
            lex();
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.LogicalExpression,
                operator: '&&',
                left: expr,
                right: parseBitwiseXORExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    function parseLogicalORExpression() {
        var expr = parseLogicalANDExpression();

        while (match('||')) {
            lex();
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.LogicalExpression,
                operator: '||',
                left: expr,
                right: parseLogicalANDExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.12 Conditional Operator

    function parseConditionalExpression() {
        var expr, previousAllowIn, consequent;

        expr = parseLogicalORExpression();

        if (match('?')) {
            lex();
            previousAllowIn = allowIn;
            allowIn = true;
            consequent = parseAssignmentExpression();
            allowIn = previousAllowIn;
            expect(':');

            expr = {
                type: Syntax.ConditionalExpression,
                test: expr,
                consequent: consequent,
                alternate: parseAssignmentExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.13 Assignment Operators

    function parseAssignmentExpression() {
        var expr;

        expr = parseConditionalExpression();

        if (matchAssign()) {
            // LeftHandSideExpression
            if (lastParenthesized !== expr && !isLeftHandSide(expr)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.InvalidLHSInAssignment);
            }

            // 11.13.1
            if (strict && expr.type === Syntax.Identifier && isRestrictedWord(expr.name)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.StrictLHSAssignment);
            }

            expr = {
                type: Syntax.AssignmentExpression,
                operator: lex().value,
                left: expr,
                right: parseAssignmentExpression()
            };
        }

        return expr;
    }

    // 11.14 Comma Operator

    function parseExpression() {
        var expr = parseAssignmentExpression();

        if (match(',')) {
            expr = {
                type: Syntax.SequenceExpression,
                expressions: [ expr ]
            };

            while (index < length) {
                if (!match(',')) {
                    break;
                }
                lex();
                expr.expressions.push(parseAssignmentExpression());
            }

        }
        return expr;
    }

    // 12.1 Block

    function parseStatementList() {
        var list = [],
            statement;

        while (index < length) {
            if (match('}')) {
                break;
            }
            statement = parseSourceElement();
            if (typeof statement === 'undefined') {
                break;
            }
            list.push(statement);
        }

        return list;
    }

    function parseBlock() {
        var block;

        expect('{');

        block = parseStatementList();

        expect('}');

        return {
            type: Syntax.BlockStatement,
            body: block
        };
    }

    // 12.2 Variable Statement

    function parseVariableIdentifier() {
        var token = lex();

        if (token.type !== Token.Identifier) {
            throwUnexpected(token);
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.Identifier,
            name: token.value
        };
    }

    function parseVariableDeclaration(kind) {
        var id = parseVariableIdentifier(),
            init = null;

        // 12.2.1
        if (strict && isRestrictedWord(id.name)) {
            throwError({}, Messages.StrictVarName);
        }

        if (kind === 'const') {
            expect('=');
            init = parseAssignmentExpression();
        } else if (match('=')) {
            lex();
            init = parseAssignmentExpression();
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.VariableDeclarator,
            id: id,
            init: init
        };
    }

    function parseVariableDeclarationList(kind) {
        var list = [];

        while (index < length) {
            list.push(parseVariableDeclaration(kind));
            if (!match(',')) {
                break;
            }
            lex();
        }

        return list;
    }

    function parseVariableStatement() {
        var declarations;

        expectKeyword('var');

        declarations = parseVariableDeclarationList();

        consumeSemicolon();

        return {
            type: Syntax.VariableDeclaration,
            declarations: declarations,
            kind: 'var'
        };
    }

    // kind may be `const` or `let`
    // Both are experimental and not in the specification yet.
    // see http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:const
    // and http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:let
    function parseConstLetDeclaration(kind) {
        var declarations;

        expectKeyword(kind);

        declarations = parseVariableDeclarationList(kind);

        consumeSemicolon();

        return {
            type: Syntax.VariableDeclaration,
            declarations: declarations,
            kind: kind
        };
    }

    // 12.3 Empty Statement

    function parseEmptyStatement() {
        expect(';');

        return {
            type: Syntax.EmptyStatement
        };
    }

    // 12.4 Expression Statement

    function parseExpressionStatement() {
        var expr = parseExpression();

        consumeSemicolon();

        return {
            type: Syntax.ExpressionStatement,
            expression: expr
        };
    }

    // 12.5 If statement

    function parseIfStatement() {
        var test, consequent, alternate;

        expectKeyword('if');

        expect('(');

        test = parseExpression();

        expect(')');

        consequent = parseStatement();

        if (matchKeyword('else')) {
            lex();
            alternate = parseStatement();
        } else {
            alternate = null;
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.IfStatement,
            test: test,
            consequent: consequent,
            alternate: alternate
        };
    }

    // 12.6 Iteration Statements

    function parseDoWhileStatement() {
        var body, test, oldInIteration;

        expectKeyword('do');

        oldInIteration = inIteration;
        inIteration = true;

        body = parseStatement();

        inIteration = oldInIteration;

        expectKeyword('while');

        expect('(');

        test = parseExpression();

        expect(')');

        if (match(';')) {
            lex();
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.DoWhileStatement,
            body: body,
            test: test
        };
    }

    function parseWhileStatement() {
        var test, body, oldInIteration;

        expectKeyword('while');

        expect('(');

        test = parseExpression();

        expect(')');

        oldInIteration = inIteration;
        inIteration = true;

        body = parseStatement();

        inIteration = oldInIteration;

        return {
            type: Syntax.WhileStatement,
            test: test,
            body: body
        };
    }

    function parseForVariableDeclaration() {
        var token = lex();

        return {
            type: Syntax.VariableDeclaration,
            declarations: parseVariableDeclarationList(),
            kind: token.value
        };
    }

    function parseForStatement() {
        var init, test, update, left, right, body, oldInIteration;

        init = test = update = null;

        expectKeyword('for');

        expect('(');

        if (match(';')) {
            lex();
        } else {
            if (matchKeyword('var') || matchKeyword('let')) {
                allowIn = false;
                init = parseForVariableDeclaration();
                allowIn = true;

                if (init.declarations.length === 1 && matchKeyword('in')) {
                    lex();
                    left = init;
                    right = parseExpression();
                    init = null;
                }
            } else {
                allowIn = false;
                init = parseExpression();
                allowIn = true;

                if (matchKeyword('in')) {
                    // LeftHandSideExpression
                    if (matchKeyword('in') && (lastParenthesized !== init && !isLeftHandSide(init))) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.InvalidLHSInForIn);
                    }
                    lex();
                    left = init;
                    right = parseExpression();
                    init = null;
                }
            }

            if (typeof left === 'undefined') {
                expect(';');
            }
        }

        if (typeof left === 'undefined') {

            if (!match(';')) {
                test = parseExpression();
            }
            expect(';');

            if (!match(')')) {
                update = parseExpression();
            }
        }

        expect(')');

        oldInIteration = inIteration;
        inIteration = true;

        body = parseStatement();

        inIteration = oldInIteration;

        if (typeof left === 'undefined') {
            return {
                type: Syntax.ForStatement,
                init: init,
                test: test,
                update: update,
                body: body
            };
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.ForInStatement,
            left: left,
            right: right,
            body: body,
            each: false
        };
    }

    // 12.7 The continue statement

    function parseContinueStatement() {
        var token, label = null;

        expectKeyword('continue');

        // Optimize the most common form: 'continue;'.
        if (source[index] === ';') {
            lex();
            
            if (!inIteration) {
                throwError({}, Messages.IllegalContinue);
            }

            return {
                type: Syntax.ContinueStatement,
                label: null
            };
        }

        if (peekLineTerminator()) {
            if (!inIteration) {
                throwError({}, Messages.IllegalContinue);
            }

            return {
                type: Syntax.ContinueStatement,
                label: null
            };
        }

        token = lookahead();
        if (token.type === Token.Identifier) {
            label = parseVariableIdentifier();

            if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(labelSet, label.name)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.UnknownLabel, label.name);
            }
        }

        consumeSemicolon();

        if (label === null && !inIteration) {
            throwError({}, Messages.IllegalContinue);
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.ContinueStatement,
            label: label
        };
    }

    // 12.8 The break statement

    function parseBreakStatement() {
        var token, label = null;

        expectKeyword('break');

        // Optimize the most common form: 'break;'.
        if (source[index] === ';') {
            lex();
            
            if (!(inIteration || inSwitch)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.IllegalBreak);
            }

            return {
                type: Syntax.BreakStatement,
                label: null
            };
        }

        if (peekLineTerminator()) {
            if (!(inIteration || inSwitch)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.IllegalBreak);
            }

            return {
                type: Syntax.BreakStatement,
                label: null
            };
        }

        token = lookahead();
        if (token.type === Token.Identifier) {
            label = parseVariableIdentifier();

            if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(labelSet, label.name)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.UnknownLabel, label.name);
            }
        }

        consumeSemicolon();

        if (label === null && !(inIteration || inSwitch)) {
            throwError({}, Messages.IllegalBreak);
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.BreakStatement,
            label: label
        };
    }

    // 12.9 The return statement

    function parseReturnStatement() {
        var token, argument = null;

        expectKeyword('return');

        if (!inFunctionBody) {
            throwErrorTolerant({}, Messages.IllegalReturn);
        }

        // 'return' followed by a space and an identifier is very common.
        if (source[index] === ' ') {
            if (isIdentifierStart(source[index + 1])) {
                argument = parseExpression();
                consumeSemicolon();
                return {
                    type: Syntax.ReturnStatement,
                    argument: argument
                };
            }
        }

        if (peekLineTerminator()) {
            return {
                type: Syntax.ReturnStatement,
                argument: null
            };
        }

        if (!match(';')) {
            token = lookahead();
            if (!match('}') && token.type !== Token.EOF) {
                argument = parseExpression();
            }
        }

        consumeSemicolon();

        return {
            type: Syntax.ReturnStatement,
            argument: argument
        };
    }

    // 12.10 The with statement

    function parseWithStatement() {
        var object, body;

        if (strict) {
            throwErrorTolerant({}, Messages.StrictModeWith);
        }

        expectKeyword('with');

        expect('(');

        object = parseExpression();

        expect(')');

        body = parseStatement();

        return {
            type: Syntax.WithStatement,
            object: object,
            body: body
        };
    }

    // 12.10 The swith statement

    function parseSwitchCase(test) {
        var consequent = [],
            statement;

        while (index < length) {
            if (match('}') || matchKeyword('default') || matchKeyword('case')) {
                break;
            }
            statement = parseStatement();
            if (typeof statement === 'undefined') {
                break;
            }
            consequent.push(statement);
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.SwitchCase,
            test: test,
            consequent: consequent
        };
    }

    function parseSwitchStatement() {
        var discriminant, cases, test, oldInSwitch;

        expectKeyword('switch');

        expect('(');

        discriminant = parseExpression();

        expect(')');

        expect('{');

        if (match('}')) {
            lex();
            return {
                type: Syntax.SwitchStatement,
                discriminant: discriminant
            };
        }

        cases = [];

        oldInSwitch = inSwitch;
        inSwitch = true;

        while (index < length) {
            if (match('}')) {
                break;
            }

            if (matchKeyword('default')) {
                lex();
                test = null;
            } else {
                expectKeyword('case');
                test = parseExpression();
            }
            expect(':');

            cases.push(parseSwitchCase(test));
        }

        inSwitch = oldInSwitch;

        expect('}');

        return {
            type: Syntax.SwitchStatement,
            discriminant: discriminant,
            cases: cases
        };
    }

    // 12.13 The throw statement

    function parseThrowStatement() {
        var argument;

        expectKeyword('throw');

        if (peekLineTerminator()) {
            throwError({}, Messages.NewlineAfterThrow);
        }

        argument = parseExpression();

        consumeSemicolon();

        return {
            type: Syntax.ThrowStatement,
            argument: argument
        };
    }

    // 12.14 The try statement

    function parseCatchClause() {
        var param;

        expectKeyword('catch');

        expect('(');
        if (!match(')')) {
            param = parseExpression();
            // 12.14.1
            if (strict && param.type === Syntax.Identifier && isRestrictedWord(param.name)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.StrictCatchVariable);
            }
        }
        expect(')');

        return {
            type: Syntax.CatchClause,
            param: param,
            guard: null,
            body: parseBlock()
        };
    }

    function parseTryStatement() {
        var block, handlers = [], finalizer = null;

        expectKeyword('try');

        block = parseBlock();

        if (matchKeyword('catch')) {
            handlers.push(parseCatchClause());
        }

        if (matchKeyword('finally')) {
            lex();
            finalizer = parseBlock();
        }

        if (handlers.length === 0 && !finalizer) {
            throwError({}, Messages.NoCatchOrFinally);
        }

        return {
            type: Syntax.TryStatement,
            block: block,
            handlers: handlers,
            finalizer: finalizer
        };
    }

    // 12.15 The debugger statement

    function parseDebuggerStatement() {
        expectKeyword('debugger');

        consumeSemicolon();

        return {
            type: Syntax.DebuggerStatement
        };
    }

    // 12 Statements

    function parseStatement() {
        var token = lookahead(),
            expr,
            labeledBody;

        if (token.type === Token.EOF) {
            throwUnexpected(token);
        }

        if (token.type === Token.Punctuator) {
            switch (token.value) {
            case ';':
                return parseEmptyStatement();
            case '{':
                return parseBlock();
            case '(':
                return parseExpressionStatement();
            default:
                break;
            }
        }

        if (token.type === Token.Keyword) {
            switch (token.value) {
            case 'break':
                return parseBreakStatement();
            case 'continue':
                return parseContinueStatement();
            case 'debugger':
                return parseDebuggerStatement();
            case 'do':
                return parseDoWhileStatement();
            case 'for':
                return parseForStatement();
            case 'function':
                return parseFunctionDeclaration();
            case 'if':
                return parseIfStatement();
            case 'return':
                return parseReturnStatement();
            case 'switch':
                return parseSwitchStatement();
            case 'throw':
                return parseThrowStatement();
            case 'try':
                return parseTryStatement();
            case 'var':
                return parseVariableStatement();
            case 'while':
                return parseWhileStatement();
            case 'with':
                return parseWithStatement();
            default:
                break;
            }
        }

        expr = parseExpression();

        // 12.12 Labelled Statements
        if ((expr.type === Syntax.Identifier) && match(':')) {
            lex();

            if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(labelSet, expr.name)) {
                throwError({}, Messages.Redeclaration, 'Label', expr.name);
            }

            labelSet[expr.name] = true;
            labeledBody = parseStatement();
            delete labelSet[expr.name];

            return {
                type: Syntax.LabeledStatement,
                label: expr,
                body: labeledBody
            };
        }

        consumeSemicolon();

        return {
            type: Syntax.ExpressionStatement,
            expression: expr
        };
    }

    // 13 Function Definition

    function parseFunctionSourceElements() {
        var sourceElement, sourceElements = [], token, directive, firstRestricted, oldLabelSet, oldInIteration, oldInSwitch, oldInFunctionBody;

        expect('{');

        while (index < length) {
            token = lookahead();
            if (token.type !== Token.StringLiteral) {
                break;
            }

            sourceElement = parseSourceElement();
            sourceElements.push(sourceElement);
            if (sourceElement.expression.type !== Syntax.Literal) {
                // this is not directive
                break;
            }
            directive = sliceSource(token.range[0] + 1, token.range[1] - 1);
            if (directive === 'use strict') {
                strict = true;
                if (firstRestricted) {
                    throwError(firstRestricted, Messages.StrictOctalLiteral);
                }
            } else {
                if (!firstRestricted && token.octal) {
                    firstRestricted = token;
                }
            }
        }

        oldLabelSet = labelSet;
        oldInIteration = inIteration;
        oldInSwitch = inSwitch;
        oldInFunctionBody = inFunctionBody;

        labelSet = {};
        inIteration = false;
        inSwitch = false;
        inFunctionBody = true;

        while (index < length) {
            if (match('}')) {
                break;
            }
            sourceElement = parseSourceElement();
            if (typeof sourceElement === 'undefined') {
                break;
            }
            sourceElements.push(sourceElement);
        }

        expect('}');

        labelSet = oldLabelSet;
        inIteration = oldInIteration;
        inSwitch = oldInSwitch;
        inFunctionBody = oldInFunctionBody;

        return {
            type: Syntax.BlockStatement,
            body: sourceElements
        };
    }

    function parseFunctionDeclaration() {
        var id, param, params = [], body, token, firstRestricted, message, previousStrict, paramSet;

        expectKeyword('function');
        token = lookahead();
        id = parseVariableIdentifier();
        if (strict) {
            if (isRestrictedWord(token.value)) {
                throwError(token, Messages.StrictFunctionName);
            }
        } else {
            if (isRestrictedWord(token.value)) {
                firstRestricted = token;
                message = Messages.StrictFunctionName;
            } else if (isStrictModeReservedWord(token.value)) {
                firstRestricted = token;
                message = Messages.StrictReservedWord;
            }
        }

        expect('(');

        if (!match(')')) {
            paramSet = {};
            while (index < length) {
                token = lookahead();
                param = parseVariableIdentifier();
                if (strict) {
                    if (isRestrictedWord(token.value)) {
                        throwError(token, Messages.StrictParamName);
                    }
                    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(paramSet, token.value)) {
                        throwError(token, Messages.StrictParamDupe);
                    }
                } else if (!firstRestricted) {
                    if (isRestrictedWord(token.value)) {
                        firstRestricted = token;
                        message = Messages.StrictParamName;
                    } else if (isStrictModeReservedWord(token.value)) {
                        firstRestricted = token;
                        message = Messages.StrictReservedWord;
                    } else if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(paramSet, token.value)) {
                        firstRestricted = token;
                        message = Messages.StrictParamDupe;
                    }
                }
                params.push(param);
                paramSet[param.name] = true;
                if (match(')')) {
                    break;
                }
                expect(',');
            }
        }

        expect(')');

        previousStrict = strict;
        body = parseFunctionSourceElements();
        if (strict && firstRestricted) {
            throwError(firstRestricted, message);
        }
        strict = previousStrict;

        return {
            type: Syntax.FunctionDeclaration,
            id: id,
            params: params,
            body: body
        };
    }

    function parseFunctionExpression() {
        var token, id = null, firstRestricted, message, param, params = [], body, previousStrict, paramSet;

        expectKeyword('function');

        if (!match('(')) {
            token = lookahead();
            id = parseVariableIdentifier();
            if (strict) {
                if (isRestrictedWord(token.value)) {
                    throwError(token, Messages.StrictFunctionName);
                }
            } else {
                if (isRestrictedWord(token.value)) {
                    firstRestricted = token;
                    message = Messages.StrictFunctionName;
                } else if (isStrictModeReservedWord(token.value)) {
                    firstRestricted = token;
                    message = Messages.StrictReservedWord;
                }
            }
        }

        expect('(');

        if (!match(')')) {
            paramSet = {};
            while (index < length) {
                token = lookahead();
                param = parseVariableIdentifier();
                if (strict) {
                    if (isRestrictedWord(token.value)) {
                        throwError(token, Messages.StrictParamName);
                    }
                    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(paramSet, token.value)) {
                        throwError(token, Messages.StrictParamDupe);
                    }
                } else if (!firstRestricted) {
                    if (isRestrictedWord(token.value)) {
                        firstRestricted = token;
                        message = Messages.StrictParamName;
                    } else if (isStrictModeReservedWord(token.value)) {
                        firstRestricted = token;
                        message = Messages.StrictReservedWord;
                    } else if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(paramSet, token.value)) {
                        firstRestricted = token;
                        message = Messages.StrictParamDupe;
                    }
                }
                params.push(param);
                paramSet[param.name] = true;
                if (match(')')) {
                    break;
                }
                expect(',');
            }
        }

        expect(')');

        previousStrict = strict;
        body = parseFunctionSourceElements();
        if (strict && firstRestricted) {
            throwError(firstRestricted, message);
        }
        strict = previousStrict;

        return {
            type: Syntax.FunctionExpression,
            id: id,
            params: params,
            body: body
        };
    }

    // 14 Program

    function parseSourceElement() {
        var token = lookahead();

        if (token.type === Token.Keyword) {
            switch (token.value) {
            case 'const':
            case 'let':
                return parseConstLetDeclaration(token.value);
            case 'function':
                return parseFunctionDeclaration();
            default:
                return parseStatement();
            }
        }

        if (token.type !== Token.EOF) {
            return parseStatement();
        }
    }

    function parseSourceElements() {
        var sourceElement, sourceElements = [], token, directive, firstRestricted;

        while (index < length) {
            token = lookahead();
            if (token.type !== Token.StringLiteral) {
                break;
            }

            sourceElement = parseSourceElement();
            sourceElements.push(sourceElement);
            if (sourceElement.expression.type !== Syntax.Literal) {
                // this is not directive
                break;
            }
            directive = sliceSource(token.range[0] + 1, token.range[1] - 1);
            if (directive === 'use strict') {
                strict = true;
                if (firstRestricted) {
                    throwError(firstRestricted, Messages.StrictOctalLiteral);
                }
            } else {
                if (!firstRestricted && token.octal) {
                    firstRestricted = token;
                }
            }
        }

        while (index < length) {
            sourceElement = parseSourceElement();
            if (typeof sourceElement === 'undefined') {
                break;
            }
            sourceElements.push(sourceElement);
        }
        return sourceElements;
    }

    function parseProgram() {
        var program;
        strict = false;
        program = {
            type: Syntax.Program,
            body: parseSourceElements()
        };
        return program;
    }

    // The following functions are needed only when the option to preserve
    // the comments is active.

    function addComment(start, end, type, value) {
        assert(typeof start === 'number', 'Comment must have valid position');

        // Because the way the actual token is scanned, often the comments
        // (if any) are skipped twice during the lexical analysis.
        // Thus, we need to skip adding a comment if the comment array already
        // handled it.
        if (extra.comments.length > 0) {
            if (extra.comments[extra.comments.length - 1].range[1] > start) {
                return;
            }
        }

        extra.comments.push({
            range: [start, end],
            type: type,
            value: value
        });
    }

    function scanComment() {
        var comment, ch, start, blockComment, lineComment;

        comment = '';
        blockComment = false;
        lineComment = false;

        while (index < length) {
            ch = source[index];

            if (lineComment) {
                ch = nextChar();
                if (index >= length) {
                    lineComment = false;
                    comment += ch;
                    addComment(start, index - 1, 'Line', comment);
                } else if (isLineTerminator(ch)) {
                    lineComment = false;
                    addComment(start, index - 1, 'Line', comment);
                    if (ch === '\r' && source[index] === '\n') {
                        ++index;
                    }
                    ++lineNumber;
                    lineStart = index;
                    comment = '';
                } else {
                    comment += ch;
                }
            } else if (blockComment) {
                if (isLineTerminator(ch)) {
                    if (ch === '\r' && source[index + 1] === '\n') {
                        ++index;
                        comment += '\r\n';
                    } else {
                        comment += ch;
                    }
                    ++lineNumber;
                    ++index;
                    lineStart = index;
                    if (index >= length) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                    }
                } else {
                    ch = nextChar();
                    if (index >= length) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                    }
                    comment += ch;
                    if (ch === '*') {
                        ch = source[index];
                        if (ch === '/') {
                            comment = comment.substr(0, comment.length - 1);
                            blockComment = false;
                            ++index;
                            addComment(start, index - 1, 'Block', comment);
                            comment = '';
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else if (ch === '/') {
                ch = source[index + 1];
                if (ch === '/') {
                    start = index;
                    index += 2;
                    lineComment = true;
                } else if (ch === '*') {
                    start = index;
                    index += 2;
                    blockComment = true;
                    if (index >= length) {
                        throwError({}, Messages.UnexpectedToken, 'ILLEGAL');
                    }
                } else {
                    break;
                }
            } else if (isWhiteSpace(ch)) {
                ++index;
            } else if (isLineTerminator(ch)) {
                ++index;
                if (ch ===  '\r' && source[index] === '\n') {
                    ++index;
                }
                ++lineNumber;
                lineStart = index;
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    function collectToken() {
        var token = extra.advance(),
            range,
            value;

        if (token.type !== Token.EOF) {
            range = [token.range[0], token.range[1] - 1];
            value = sliceSource(token.range[0], token.range[1]);
            extra.tokens.push({
                type: TokenName[token.type],
                value: value,
                range: range
            });
        }

        return token;
    }

    function collectRegex() {
        var pos, regex, token;

        skipComment();

        pos = index;
        regex = extra.scanRegExp();

        // Pop the previous token, which is likely '/' or '/='
        if (extra.tokens.length > 0) {
            token = extra.tokens[extra.tokens.length - 1];
            if (token.range[0] === pos && token.type === 'Punctuator') {
                if (token.value === '/' || token.value === '/=') {
                    extra.tokens.pop();
                }
            }
        }

        extra.tokens.push({
            type: 'RegularExpression',
            value: regex.literal,
            range: [pos, index - 1]
        });

        return regex;
    }

    function createLiteral(token) {
        return {
            type: Syntax.Literal,
            value: token.value
        };
    }

    function createRawLiteral(token) {
        return {
            type: Syntax.Literal,
            value: token.value,
            raw: sliceSource(token.range[0], token.range[1])
        };
    }

    function wrapTrackingFunction(range, loc) {

        return function (parseFunction) {

            function isBinary(node) {
                return node.type === Syntax.LogicalExpression ||
                    node.type === Syntax.BinaryExpression;
            }

            function visit(node) {
                if (isBinary(node.left)) {
                    visit(node.left);
                }
                if (isBinary(node.right)) {
                    visit(node.right);
                }

                if (range && typeof node.range === 'undefined') {
                    node.range = [node.left.range[0], node.right.range[1]];
                }
                if (loc && typeof node.loc === 'undefined') {
                    node.loc = {
                        start: node.left.loc.start,
                        end: node.right.loc.end
                    };
                }
            }

            return function () {
                var node, rangeInfo, locInfo;

                skipComment();
                rangeInfo = [index, 0];
                locInfo = {
                    start: {
                        line: lineNumber,
                        column: index - lineStart
                    }
                };

                node = parseFunction.apply(null, arguments);
                if (typeof node !== 'undefined') {

                    if (range) {
                        rangeInfo[1] = index - 1;
                        node.range = rangeInfo;
                    }

                    if (loc) {
                        locInfo.end = {
                            line: lineNumber,
                            column: index - lineStart
                        };
                        node.loc = locInfo;
                    }

                    if (isBinary(node)) {
                        visit(node);
                    }

                    if (node.type === Syntax.MemberExpression) {
                        if (typeof node.object.range !== 'undefined') {
                            node.range[0] = node.object.range[0];
                        }
                        if (typeof node.object.loc !== 'undefined') {
                            node.loc.start = node.object.loc.start;
                        }
                    }
                    return node;
                }
            };

        };
    }

    function patch() {

        var wrapTracking;

        if (extra.comments) {
            extra.skipComment = skipComment;
            skipComment = scanComment;
        }

        if (extra.raw) {
            extra.createLiteral = createLiteral;
            createLiteral = createRawLiteral;
        }

        if (extra.range || extra.loc) {

            wrapTracking = wrapTrackingFunction(extra.range, extra.loc);

            extra.parseAdditiveExpression = parseAdditiveExpression;
            extra.parseAssignmentExpression = parseAssignmentExpression;
            extra.parseBitwiseANDExpression = parseBitwiseANDExpression;
            extra.parseBitwiseORExpression = parseBitwiseORExpression;
            extra.parseBitwiseXORExpression = parseBitwiseXORExpression;
            extra.parseBlock = parseBlock;
            extra.parseFunctionSourceElements = parseFunctionSourceElements;
            extra.parseCallMember = parseCallMember;
            extra.parseCatchClause = parseCatchClause;
            extra.parseComputedMember = parseComputedMember;
            extra.parseConditionalExpression = parseConditionalExpression;
            extra.parseConstLetDeclaration = parseConstLetDeclaration;
            extra.parseEqualityExpression = parseEqualityExpression;
            extra.parseExpression = parseExpression;
            extra.parseForVariableDeclaration = parseForVariableDeclaration;
            extra.parseFunctionDeclaration = parseFunctionDeclaration;
            extra.parseFunctionExpression = parseFunctionExpression;
            extra.parseLogicalANDExpression = parseLogicalANDExpression;
            extra.parseLogicalORExpression = parseLogicalORExpression;
            extra.parseMultiplicativeExpression = parseMultiplicativeExpression;
            extra.parseNewExpression = parseNewExpression;
            extra.parseNonComputedMember = parseNonComputedMember;
            extra.parseNonComputedProperty = parseNonComputedProperty;
            extra.parseObjectProperty = parseObjectProperty;
            extra.parseObjectPropertyKey = parseObjectPropertyKey;
            extra.parsePostfixExpression = parsePostfixExpression;
            extra.parsePrimaryExpression = parsePrimaryExpression;
            extra.parseProgram = parseProgram;
            extra.parsePropertyFunction = parsePropertyFunction;
            extra.parseRelationalExpression = parseRelationalExpression;
            extra.parseStatement = parseStatement;
            extra.parseShiftExpression = parseShiftExpression;
            extra.parseSwitchCase = parseSwitchCase;
            extra.parseUnaryExpression = parseUnaryExpression;
            extra.parseVariableDeclaration = parseVariableDeclaration;
            extra.parseVariableIdentifier = parseVariableIdentifier;

            parseAdditiveExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseAdditiveExpression);
            parseAssignmentExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseAssignmentExpression);
            parseBitwiseANDExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseBitwiseANDExpression);
            parseBitwiseORExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseBitwiseORExpression);
            parseBitwiseXORExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseBitwiseXORExpression);
            parseBlock = wrapTracking(extra.parseBlock);
            parseFunctionSourceElements = wrapTracking(extra.parseFunctionSourceElements);
            parseCallMember = wrapTracking(extra.parseCallMember);
            parseCatchClause = wrapTracking(extra.parseCatchClause);
            parseComputedMember = wrapTracking(extra.parseComputedMember);
            parseConditionalExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseConditionalExpression);
            parseConstLetDeclaration = wrapTracking(extra.parseConstLetDeclaration);
            parseEqualityExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseEqualityExpression);
            parseExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseExpression);
            parseForVariableDeclaration = wrapTracking(extra.parseForVariableDeclaration);
            parseFunctionDeclaration = wrapTracking(extra.parseFunctionDeclaration);
            parseFunctionExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseFunctionExpression);
            parseLogicalANDExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseLogicalANDExpression);
            parseLogicalORExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseLogicalORExpression);
            parseMultiplicativeExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseMultiplicativeExpression);
            parseNewExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseNewExpression);
            parseNonComputedMember = wrapTracking(extra.parseNonComputedMember);
            parseNonComputedProperty = wrapTracking(extra.parseNonComputedProperty);
            parseObjectProperty = wrapTracking(extra.parseObjectProperty);
            parseObjectPropertyKey = wrapTracking(extra.parseObjectPropertyKey);
            parsePostfixExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parsePostfixExpression);
            parsePrimaryExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parsePrimaryExpression);
            parseProgram = wrapTracking(extra.parseProgram);
            parsePropertyFunction = wrapTracking(extra.parsePropertyFunction);
            parseRelationalExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseRelationalExpression);
            parseStatement = wrapTracking(extra.parseStatement);
            parseShiftExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseShiftExpression);
            parseSwitchCase = wrapTracking(extra.parseSwitchCase);
            parseUnaryExpression = wrapTracking(extra.parseUnaryExpression);
            parseVariableDeclaration = wrapTracking(extra.parseVariableDeclaration);
            parseVariableIdentifier = wrapTracking(extra.parseVariableIdentifier);
        }

        if (typeof extra.tokens !== 'undefined') {
            extra.advance = advance;
            extra.scanRegExp = scanRegExp;

            advance = collectToken;
            scanRegExp = collectRegex;
        }
    }

    function unpatch() {
        if (typeof extra.skipComment === 'function') {
            skipComment = extra.skipComment;
        }

        if (extra.raw) {
            createLiteral = extra.createLiteral;
        }

        if (extra.range || extra.loc) {
            parseAdditiveExpression = extra.parseAdditiveExpression;
            parseAssignmentExpression = extra.parseAssignmentExpression;
            parseBitwiseANDExpression = extra.parseBitwiseANDExpression;
            parseBitwiseORExpression = extra.parseBitwiseORExpression;
            parseBitwiseXORExpression = extra.parseBitwiseXORExpression;
            parseBlock = extra.parseBlock;
            parseFunctionSourceElements = extra.parseFunctionSourceElements;
            parseCallMember = extra.parseCallMember;
            parseCatchClause = extra.parseCatchClause;
            parseComputedMember = extra.parseComputedMember;
            parseConditionalExpression = extra.parseConditionalExpression;
            parseConstLetDeclaration = extra.parseConstLetDeclaration;
            parseEqualityExpression = extra.parseEqualityExpression;
            parseExpression = extra.parseExpression;
            parseForVariableDeclaration = extra.parseForVariableDeclaration;
            parseFunctionDeclaration = extra.parseFunctionDeclaration;
            parseFunctionExpression = extra.parseFunctionExpression;
            parseLogicalANDExpression = extra.parseLogicalANDExpression;
            parseLogicalORExpression = extra.parseLogicalORExpression;
            parseMultiplicativeExpression = extra.parseMultiplicativeExpression;
            parseNewExpression = extra.parseNewExpression;
            parseNonComputedMember = extra.parseNonComputedMember;
            parseNonComputedProperty = extra.parseNonComputedProperty;
            parseObjectProperty = extra.parseObjectProperty;
            parseObjectPropertyKey = extra.parseObjectPropertyKey;
            parsePrimaryExpression = extra.parsePrimaryExpression;
            parsePostfixExpression = extra.parsePostfixExpression;
            parseProgram = extra.parseProgram;
            parsePropertyFunction = extra.parsePropertyFunction;
            parseRelationalExpression = extra.parseRelationalExpression;
            parseStatement = extra.parseStatement;
            parseShiftExpression = extra.parseShiftExpression;
            parseSwitchCase = extra.parseSwitchCase;
            parseUnaryExpression = extra.parseUnaryExpression;
            parseVariableDeclaration = extra.parseVariableDeclaration;
            parseVariableIdentifier = extra.parseVariableIdentifier;
        }

        if (typeof extra.scanRegExp === 'function') {
            advance = extra.advance;
            scanRegExp = extra.scanRegExp;
        }
    }

    function stringToArray(str) {
        var length = str.length,
            result = [],
            i;
        for (i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
            result[i] = str.charAt(i);
        }
        return result;
    }

    function parse(code, options) {
        var program, toString;

        toString = String;
        if (typeof code !== 'string' && !(code instanceof String)) {
            code = toString(code);
        }

        source = code;
        index = 0;
        lineNumber = (source.length > 0) ? 1 : 0;
        lineStart = 0;
        length = source.length;
        buffer = null;
        allowIn = true;
        labelSet = {};
        inSwitch = false;
        inIteration = false;
        lastParenthesized = null;
        inFunctionBody = false;

        extra = {};
        if (typeof options !== 'undefined') {
            extra.range = (typeof options.range === 'boolean') && options.range;
            extra.loc = (typeof options.loc === 'boolean') && options.loc;
            extra.raw = (typeof options.raw === 'boolean') && options.raw;
            if (typeof options.tokens === 'boolean' && options.tokens) {
                extra.tokens = [];
            }
            if (typeof options.comment === 'boolean' && options.comment) {
                extra.comments = [];
            }
            if (typeof options.tolerant === 'boolean' && options.tolerant) {
                extra.errors = [];
            }
        }

        if (length > 0) {
            if (typeof source[0] === 'undefined') {
                // Try first to convert to a string. This is good as fast path
                // for old IE which understands string indexing for string
                // literals only and not for string object.
                if (code instanceof String) {
                    source = code.valueOf();
                }

                // Force accessing the characters via an array.
                if (typeof source[0] === 'undefined') {
                    source = stringToArray(code);
                }
            }
        }

        patch();
        try {
            program = parseProgram();
            if (typeof extra.comments !== 'undefined') {
                program.comments = extra.comments;
            }
            if (typeof extra.tokens !== 'undefined') {
                program.tokens = extra.tokens;
            }
            if (typeof extra.errors !== 'undefined') {
                program.errors = extra.errors;
            }
        } catch (e) {
            throw e;
        } finally {
            unpatch();
            extra = {};
        }

        return program;
    }

    // Sync with package.json.
    exports.version = '0.9.9';

    exports.parse = parse;

}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (esprima = {}) : exports));
/* vim: set sw=4 ts=4 et tw=80 : */
